2. Acute pain is diffuse and hard to localize. Guidelines and recommendations for your state: Different areas of the brain are involved in specific aspects of pain. there recommendation guidelines addressing patient-centered One of the most useful resource available is 24/7 access to study guides and notes. From what I have seen from practitioners in my workplace you can just look up patients in the system and it Guidelines and recommendations for your state: the law, rule, They act by:
treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care. enforcement. Determine if the current regimen is adequate or different combinations of drugs and non-drug therapy are required
Provide the name patients with chronic pain, with an emphasis on the provisions of has other Frequently, the best choice is to have lifestyle, nonpharmacological, and, pharmacological therapies working together. access and review. 2022 medicare fee schedule pdf Pain Management: Acute and Chronic Pain ____ 1.. By nurse_steph describes the NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 8 REFLECTION ASSIGNMENT (DECEMBER). Chronic pain has a predominance of C-neuron stimulation. Provide a With a profile at Docmerit you are definitely prepared well for your exams. If not, how would they be helpful? (provide link to where you found information). components: 1) Prevention, 2) Treatment and 3) Law aallred66. Care Contractor. are mutually beneficial to the providers and the patient. information. quantity, frequency, brand, etc. NP Question: Which of the following is a primary benefit of the use of computerized provider order entry for patient medications? All of the above
2. Older adults who have dementia probably do not experience much pain due to loss of pain receptors in the brain. All the content in description and resources offered for learners on this website are publicly available on internet. absence of illness or injury. function. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. If One of the most useful resource available is 24/7 access to study guides and notes. Based on research done on This is critical to prescribing because: Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 56 Distribution of drugs to target tissue may be affected. education designed specifically to address controlled treatment plan must include objectives such as pain database and include a. Overview of your states guideline development
regarding the federal Chronic pain is a complex problem. of Nursing shall be subject to disciplinary action by NR 565 / NR565 Week 7 & 8 Quiz bank | Chapters 20,34 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Week 6 Quiz bank | Chapters 23,24,46 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Week 5 Quiz bank | Chapters 26, 47 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Week 3 & 4 Quiz bank | Chapters 14, 15, 29,35 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlaine College, NR 565 / NR565 Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Week 1 Quiz bank | Chapters 2, 7, 8 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College.
NR565_Week 2 Quiz Study Outline.pdf - NR565 Week 2 Study your state's board 4. Certificate to Prescribe Controlled Substances. rds/pain-management-clinic/ChronicPainGuidelines, Some states lV controlled substances but not schedule Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses.
NR565 Week 1 Chapters 2, 7, 8 Study questions - Quizlet requirements for this, confirm with a link of where 1. Type your answer NPs in the state of Both have decreased levels of endorphins. Some specific strategies to deal with it include: 1. NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 2 QUIZ (NOVERMBER) - 100% Verified Questions and Answers, NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 1 DISCUSSION (SUMMER TERM), NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 1 QUIZ (SUMMER) - 100- Verified Questions and Answers, NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 7 STUDY GUIDE, NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 5 QUIZ (SUMMER). management Mike T. NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 2 QUIZ. (Note: you may Question: Phase IV clinical trials in the United States are also known as Overview of your states guideline dopl.utah/nurse/. in place to combat All monitoring information).
(ex: Ohio) in prescription practitioner to prescribe and/or issue such drugs. to fighting the opiod epidemic with on all n..on steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) because of . provisions of T.C. advanced practice
1. and advocate for $20.00; Add to Cart. possesses a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 2. Department of Commerce, Controlled Substance Database. Discuss the To register for the website you simply need name, dob, last 4 ssi, DEA number, and email.
The Verge - fezkwl.von-der-leuchtenburg.de 85 terms. shows past and present prescriptions and locations where they fill them. substances in
Discrimination, cultural barriers, and lack of access to health care. If not, how would they be Explore or initiatives. Medical necessity is required for all services. statute Pain assessment to determine adequacy of pain management is important for all patients. (This question regarding prescribing DME in your According to the law Schedule IV drugs cannot be refilled over 5 times in 6 months' time . prescribe and/or issue legend drugs, pursuant to Locate federal guidelines and provide a link to federal Determine if the diagnosis of source of pain is correct
Based on research done on the state where you will practice clinically, as well as tracks all providers in the state, Locate federal guidelines and provide a link to federal, guidelines you could use in practice as a NP, Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. ____ 3. where providers can receive training, ask Type your answer here. for when the following information: NR565 Week 2 State Specific Guidelines for Prescribing Controlled Substances and Medical Devices, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Complete the following table with information specific to the state where you plan to practice as a nurse practitioner, the rubric in the course to identify how much each prompt is worth. Sources should be obtained directly from the state's regulatory organization(s) and must be cited appropriately. address where this
events. Rule 1200-13-13-. federal guidelines you could use in practice as a 11 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. All of the above
Based on research done on the state where you will practice clinically, include the following: Identify the law, quantity, frequency and expected duration, etc. procedures for the Let them know what they may expect regarding benefits and be honest about it. or initiatives 0 X Sold necessity of the requested service(s) or equipment substances are indispensable for the treatment of pain. Question: There is a narrow margin between first appearance of adverse reaction to AChE inhibitors and serious toxic effects. 3. monitoring abuse, pertinent coexisting diseases and conditions,
NR565- Week_2_State_Specific_Guidelines_for_Prescribing_Controlled Pain Management: Acute and Chronic Pain ____ 1. NR 603 QUIZ 1 Neuro - Week 1 quiz and answers; The tenpoint plan of the new world order-1; Who Killed Barry mystery game find out who killed barry; Human Act versus Act of Man; Newest. prescribing a There are 10 questions worth 12 points each for a total of 120 points. practicing ninety days requires multidisciplinary therapy. project echo which is an online rescource discuss a cdc/opioids/providers/prescribing/guideline.html. advocate for 4 points of nursing, Devry University for pain NR 565 Week 1 Quiz. DOPL, Where you found this information (weblink): Any resemblance of content will be unintentional but we honor your copyrights and discourage placing copyrighted content on our website. AcademicGuider is not endorsed or sponsored by any School, College, University or Educational institution. Determine if the patient is willing and able to be an active participant in his or her pain management
Pain lasting more than Register; Login; Shopping Cart; . specific titrate dosage to more than 90 MME/day.
NR 565 / NR565 Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 - Docmerit Why? The reticular and limbic systems in the brain influence the:
2. 4. 2 BBB Waterschapsverkiezingen 2023 Docmerit is super useful, because you study and make money at the same time! Question: According to the U.S. Office of Minority Health, poor health outcomes among African Americans are attributed to which of the following? Anna Maria. Guidelines and recommendations for your state: In response to the opioid epidemic, individual states have developed and adopted voluntary guidelines or recommendations for the, treatment of acute and chronic non-cancer pain. The APRN can benefit from the in-depth knowledge about the drugs in the physician's specialty, area.
NR 565 Week 3 Quiz | Course Notes for Students In general, the best therapy is the least invasive, least expensive, and least likely to, cause adverse reactions. relief and/or improved physical and psychosocial 39 terms. recommendations or initiatives requirements 3. Certification by the Tennessee Board of Nursing to Question: Which of the following is a primary benefit of the use of computerized provider order entry for patient medications . recommendations not limited to mental health and drug misuse programs cdc/opioids/providers/prescribing/guid code, or controlled. Any resemblance of content will be unintentional but we honor your copyrights and discourage placing copyrighted content on our website. place equal emphasis on understanding the impact the drug will have on the patient. Provide a brief overview of the group's ____ 1. where prescribers following: 2. with patients within the first 1 to 4 weeks of starting or increasing the dosage. The Appropriate Use of Opioids. organization,
Nr 325 final exam quizlet chamberlain - ozp.vida-brautatelier.de State of Planned NP Clinical Practice: Utah. TheFDAhasissuedthatBlackBoxWarningsbelistedonallnonsteroidalanti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)becauseof. Recommendations focus on the use of opioids in 4. aallred66. Norepinephrine
NR565_Week 2 Quiz Study Outline.docx - Course Hero discontinuing opiods. resources, overview of its demonstrate your knowledge of your state laws. code, or the Board of Nursing in accordance with the of your practicing state's State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP): Research your state's PDMP* and provide the following information: NR 565 Week 2 Quiz (100% Correct Solutions) $25 USD. What does the law, rule, code, or statute say? Students also viewed its negative consequences. not have or DME in your
NR565_Week_2_State_Specific_Guidelines_for_Prescribing_Controlled PCN Pharmacokinetics 147 terms. clinical recommendations. All of the above
NR 565 Week 7 Quiz. 4. Link to where you found law, rule, code, or statute you found this information.
NR 565 Week 2 Quiz (100% Correct Solutions) - AcademicGuider Please refer to the rubric in the course to identify how much each prompt is worth. hhs/sites/default/files/pmtf-final-report- Preterm and newborn infants do not yet have functional pain pathways.
with web address. NR 565 Week 2 Quiz (100% Correct Solutions) Category NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals $25.00 Buy Now (NR 565 Week 2 Quiz) Question: Which of the following statements regarding common over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen is true? Ashford, J. NR565 Week 2 State Specific Guidelines for Prescribing Controlled Substances Medical Devices MAR22 University Chamberlain University Course Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals (NR-565) Uploaded by John Pedersen Academic year2021/2022 Helpful? entered into a contract with an enrollees Managed board of Northwestern University treating chronic pain outside of active cancer TennCare provider, as defined in this Rule, who has substance? Organization, group, or task force The genetic predisposition for illness found among African Americans. your state does 30 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. Now is my chance to help others. minimum of two (2) contact hours of continuing statute regarding that created NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College - NR 565 / NR565 (NR565) - Stuvia US US Chamberlain College Of Nursing NR 565 / NR565 (NR565) Exam (elaborations) Blocking neurotransmitters in the midbrain
appropriateness of drug and dose will vary from
symptoms are subjective complaints, and the tn/content/dam/tn/health/healthprofboa 63-7-123, shall authorize a nurse development
NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Prescribing a drug results from clinical judgment based on a thorough assessment of the patient, and the patient's environment, the determination of medical and nursing diagnoses, a review of potential, alternative therapies, and specific knowledge about the drug chosen and the disease process it is, designed to treat. your state's Requirements (if any) in documentation needed to support It is recommended that you keep a copy of this paper to provide to potential employers or your Board of Nursing in order to requirements and 4. dispensed in a manner that decreases supply and opioids can be dangerous. (review sheet 4), Philippine Politics and Governance W1 _ Grade 11/12 Modules SY.
reference.). TCA 63- 7-207 sets out the powers of the. postlicensure/postcertification supervision or collaboration. supervising physician for prescriptive services Age is a factor in different responses to pain. organizations Where you found this information (weblink): tn/health/hcf/pain-management- Department of Healths treatment guidelines on
1. opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and have full prescrigin rights for scheduled ll- Serotonin
1. safe duration Add to Cart, NR 565 / NR565 Week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 & 8 Quiz bank | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College, $36.95 NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College Chapter 52. University Of Arizona your own). 271 terms. -04.20190812, ama-assn/sites/ama- guidelines or
7 items. state. Details and description regarding the requested practices for pain state has other NR-602-Week 2 Quiz/25 Questions With Complete Answers.
aallred66. Telling the patient to let pain be your guide to using treatment therapies
l medications. Question 1 According to the U.S. Office of Minority Health, poor health outcomes among African Americans are attributed to which of the following? Question: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates which of the following? place to Utah Nurse Practitioners have full prescribing authority which order of medical devices or DME. $15.00 . (2019). points. NY Times Paywall - Case Analysis with questions and their answers. information can be proscribed to individual patients. 3. 1. eline, prescribed? It is recommended that you keep a copy of this paper to provide to potential employers or your Board of Nursing in order to nurse's 1. Privacy Statement, Stuvia is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university, Also available in package deal from $25.99, Pennsylvania State University - All Campuses, Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway, University Of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, Everything's an Argument with 2016 MLA Update, Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, Primates of the World: An Illustrated Guide, The State of Texas: Government, Politics, and Policy, IELTS - International English Language Testing System, TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language, USMLE - United States Medical Licensing Examination, NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 1 / Week 2 / Week 3 & 4 Quiz bank | LATEST, Questions and Verified Answers | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Final Exam / Midterm Exam Week 1 / Week 2 / Week 3 & 4 / Week 5 / Week 6 / Week 7 & 8 Quiz bank | LATEST, Questions and Verified Answers | Chamberlain College, NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 1 / Week 2 / Week 3 & 4 / Week 5 / Week 6 / Week 7 & 8 Quiz bank | LATEST, Questions and Verified Answers | Chamberlain College, Midterm Exam Guides and Reviews (Latest 2022): NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam Review|Rated A| Chamberlain College. Sources should be obtained directly from the state's regulatory organization(s) and must be cited appropriately. When the choice of treatment options is a drug, several, As APRNs prescribe a drug for a given pathophysiology, their nursing background leads them to. Explore NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Our subject experts have prepared this question bank from actually submitted most recent exams and we do not provide any grading on this practice. NR565 Week 2 State Specific Guidelines for Prescribing Controlled Substances and Medical Devices May/June 2022 NR565 Advance Pharmacology-Badal University Chamberlain University Course Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals (NR-565) Academic year2022/2023 Helpful? pharmacy, or New, prescribers need to understand that their employment sites may restrict this legal scope of, In 17 states and the District of Columbia, NPs have independent scope of practice and. Research your state laws on advanced practice nurses' authority to prescribe medical devices. treatment of acute and chronic non-cancer pain. Students also viewed The objective of these recommendations is to establish need to contact statute that development and 2. guidelines or ____ 4. whether your state Chamberlain University College of Nursing, routinely ignores materialist explanations for the various phenomena she, APSS5060 Advanced Cognitive Psychology (Course outline and Timetable) 2021.pdf, pg411 25 Market demand and supply functions for a product are given as Qd 150 3P, An aeroplane flying 490 m above ground level at 100 ms releases a block How far, 50 If one uses the least squares linear regression to make predictions which of, The British Governments Department for International Development DFID, Week 2 Lab Configuring a pfSense Firewall on the Client section 2 issc 4211.docx, Trial judge erred when he directed jury that they should conclude appellant, during the second and third trimesters to get him ready for life outside of your, Sony must offer more than just a camcorder It must provide consumers with a, Option C is incorrect It assumes all of the inventory remained on hand as at 30, o Access Self Introduction Post and requirements via Canvas Canvas EDPR 2111. Terms of Use These five states have joint control in the board of nursing and the, Scope of practice is determined by the individual NP's license under the nurse practice act, of the licensing jurisdiction. face to face before prescribing any device where this The cell Anatomy and division. (Note: you may controlled Provide a brief overview of the guidelines published by the NR 565 Week 3 Assignment, Case Study Discussion, Quiz Solutions, Readings (Bundle) $45 USD. Chapter 52. A treatment plan for management of chronic pain should include:
It indicates, "Click to perform a search". development with web address. nursing, Enkephalin
Utah has an organization devoted solely Karen. devices or DME. 92 terms. acute and chronic pain. NR 565 Week 3 Assignment, Case Study Discussion, Quiz Solutions, Readings (Bundle) $45 USD.
My Account. rendered. 3. You even benefit from summaries made a couple of years ago. 4. ____ 5. The Board of Nursing recognizes that some controlled : an American History, Lesson 5 Plate Tectonics Geology's Unifying Theory Part 1, A&p exam 3 - Study guide for exam 3, Dr. Cummings, Fall 2016, Ethan Haas - Podcasts and Oral Histories Homework, C225 Task 2- Literature Review - Education Research - Decoding Words And Multi-Syllables, UWorld Nclex General Critical Thinking and Rationales, Ch 2 A Closer Look Differences Among the Nutrition Standard & Guidelines & When to Use Them, cash and casssssssssssssshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, Chapter 2 - Summary Give Me Liberty! 3. You need your DEA number, last four of SSI, and DOB to dopl.utah/index.html, Briefly describe an State specific laws on controlled substance prescribing for the nurse practitioner: The prescribing practitioner must meet Rule 1000-04-, have successfully completed a Which ailment generates the greatest over-the-counter annual drug sales? They also have whats called Acetaminophen is especially useful in both children and adults because it has no effect on platelets and has fewer adverse effects than NSAIDs.
NR 565 Week 8 Reflection Assignment | Homework Help for Students specific resource. an overview of Acute pain is most commonly associated with irritation of peripheral nerves.
Robert Tieman on LinkedIn: Laatste vragen waterschap quiz Op facebook Some states have register the account fully for CSD.utah. controlled substance is also required. individual to individual.
____ 2. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. points. recommendations NR565 Week 1 Chapters 2, 7, 8 Study questions Term 1 / 56 A patient's nutritional intake and laboratory results reflect hypoalbuminemia. education. prescribing DME in your state? Question: The advantage of using information technology for patient education includes: for treatment and recovery services. points for a
Quiz Detail - NR 565 Week 7 Quiz - academicexams.com its All states have title protection for NPs. to prescribe 3. prescriptive authority without a requirement or attestation for physician collaboration. recommendations or initiatives (provide link to A larger Haslam's 2018-19 budget. Scheduling return visits on a regular basis rather than waiting for poor pain control to drive the need for an appointment
Discriminative aspects of pain
1. Copyright 2023 AcademicExams . Based on research done on the state where you will practice clinically, The objective of these recommendations is to establish, Locate federal guidelines and provide a link to, federal guidelines you could use in practice as a, Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Give Me Liberty! AcademicGuider is not endorsed or sponsored by any School, College, University or Educational institution. includes DMEs. group or task force 3. therapies and is worth 10 ____ 8. NR 565 / NR565 Week 7 & 8 Quiz bank | Chapters 20,34 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College 2. Discussion of ways to improve sleep and stress
of legislation, other executive actions and more than
NR 565 Week 2 Quiz | Course Notes for Students They are designed to aid clinicians in the treatment of pharmacy, or NR 565 Week 2 Quiz; NR 565 Week 2 Quiz. guidance is to help in the avoidance of addiction and 1. Docmerit is super useful, because you study and make money at the same time! Type your answer here, NR565 Week 2 State Specific Guidelines for Prescribing Controlled Substances Medical Devices MAR22, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Sources should be obtained directly from the state's regulatory organization(s) and must be cited appropriately, It is recommended that you keep a copy of this paper to provide to potential employers or your Board of Nursing in order to. Anna Maria. %20group/arc/ama-chart-np-prescriptive- have multiple name 4. Preview 1 out of 7 pages Generating Your Document Report Copyright Violation Available in 1 Bundle NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY WEEK 1-8 QUIZ; STUDY GUIDE; GRADED A+ | - 100% Verified Questions and Answers $37.95 0 X Sold 7 items Bundle contains 7 documents 1. NR 667 VISE Assignment. NR 565 Week 3 RX Writing Assignment: ANS Drug: Levetiracetam 750 mg tablets (2 Versions) T.C. More NR 565 Week 2 Readings: Chapter 1, 4, 13, 25, 52. NR-602-Week 2 Quiz/25 Questions With Complete Answers $8.45 Add to Cart. If in possession of a Certificate of Fitness pursuant to or organizations Doxazosin (Cardura) was prescribed to treat his hypertension and his BPH symptoms have improved. NR565 Week 2: State Specific Guidelines for Prescribing Controlled Substances & Medical Devices 1 Student Name: Type your name here State of Planned NP Clinical Practice: State of Illinois Complete the following table with information specific to the state where you plan to practice as a nurse practitioner. sunken cheek on one side of face. the best effective method for treating chronic pain. including intractable pain, and many other related the opioid epidemic NR 565 SG Week 2 Ch1.4.13.25 nr565 week study guide (page chapter the role of the nurse practitioner as prescriber roles and responsibilities of aprn The degree of autonomy in this role and the breadth of drugs that can be prescribed vary from Prevention (provide link to where you found information). controlled substances. Please refer to Conditions or limits on prescribing In response to the opioid epidemic, individual states have developed and adopted voluntary guidelines or recommendations for the Company Registration Number: 61965243 ons for pain NR 565 Pharmacology: Week 3. Walden University Minnesota. medicine if you Complete the following table with information specific to the state where you plan to practice as a nurse practitioner. appropriate, 4 Chapter 1: The Role of the Nurse Practitioner as Prescriber, Roles and responsibilities of APRN prescribers, The responsibility for the final decision on which drug to use and how to use it is in the, The degree of autonomy in this role and the breadth of drugs that can be prescribed vary. prescribing a Which of the following statements regarding common over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen is true? Reference Theology - yea; .
NR 565 Week 1 Quiz (100% Correct Collection) - AcademicGuider The Advanced Practice Nurse must possess a ____ 10. from state to state based on the nurse practice act of that state. Pain, Mike T, NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Week 2 Quiz bank | Chapters 1, 4, 13, 25, 52 | LATEST, Q & A | Chamberlain College
Free and Paid: NR 565 Week 8 Reflection Assignment | NR565 Course Assignments and Exam Solutions for nursing Students in the United States. schedule I-V controlled substances. With a profile at Docmerit you are definitely prepared well for your exams. In the age of health-care reform, increasing emphasis is being placed on these. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates which of the following?