[13] 1958 - Hangzhou Zoo opens. So rice cultivation spread into more areas of the Song Empire. The document excerpted below, by an unknown author, describes the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou a city of between seven and eight The Song era and the Han era stand out as the two dynastic eras in China's history with the most rapid scientific and technical progress. European literacy and culture advanced rapidly. They carried gunpowder bombs that could blow up enemy boats. The urbanization rate, or the proportion of urbanites in the city's permanent resident population, stood at 83.6 percent at the end of 2021. He evaded Jurchen attempts to capture him and an attempted Song coup. Shen Kuo's Dream Pool Essays of 1088 was a voluminous scientific composition that can be said to contain the forefront of knowledge in his time of astronomy, magnetism and other fields. This knowledge predates European discovery. Continue with Recommended Cookies. China Highlights uses cookies to give you the best possible service. The Liao Empire (9071125) was an aggressive enemy in the northeast. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? At the end of the Song Dynasty in 1277, the Song army used landmines against the Mongols. Most preferred city by expatriates in China: Shanghai (209 000 expats). In the year 1234, the Song army joined the Mongol army in attacking the Jin Empire that had been fending off the Mongols for more than two decades. To pass the examination, almost all bureaucrats needed to learn by heart the Four Books of the Neo-Confucian Classics. For example, the four largest operatic drama theaters in Kaifeng could hold audiences of several thousand people each. Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Backlinks from other websites and blogs are the lifeblood of our site and are our primary source of new traffic. After fighting the Mongols for about 20 years, after the Mongols conquered Hangzhou in 1279, the remaining Song court and their supporters took to a fleet of ships to escape the Mongols. Song scientists advanced the state of world knowledge about the geography of the empire and of the world, astronomy, magnetism and the compass, mechanical engineering, architecture, chemistry, and other subjects. This period was called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (906960). If you use our datasets on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. He was well aware of the scientific progress made by his contemporaries and able to describe it well. This policy stabilized the process of dynastic succession by ensuring that the empire's administrative staff could carry on their duties when the emperor died. But their army of 450,000 could only conquer the Southern Song Empire after battling them for 44 years! It was also the focus of the earliest network of modern motor roads, constructed in the 1930s. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 60m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. The population in Hangzhou for 2023 is 8700000. For the urban elite, food was plentiful. 1951 638,000 (2002 est.) their way. Subsequently, although no longer a major port, it remained a commercial centre for domestic trade and was opened to foreign trade in 1896. a. However, he didn't discover the compass. In response, the Ly Dynasty sent an army of perhaps 100,000 to Nanning and soundly defeated three Song armies. The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2021 was 7,846,000, a 2.67% increase from 2020. Tags: WHS 9.1.B Question 2 30 seconds Q. The varieties of gunpowder and gunpowder products were very important inventions. He said that the method wasn't useful for printing just a few sheets of text, but for a hundreds of sheets, the method was fast and economical. 1972 - February: Richard Nixon visits city. Its commercial role was later augmented by the construction of a railway to Shanghai (1909), of another to Ningbo (1914), and of a main line to Jiangxi and Hunan provinces in 193638. [14] 1966 - Hangzhou Gymnasium (arena) opens. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was a period of warfare and turmoil. Foreign trade was a Southern Song priority, and the government constructed large and advanced merchant and military ships and improved harbor facilities. This article incorporates information from the Ukrainian Wikipedia. Hangzhou Urban Area Population History. They allied themselves with the Jurchens (or Jin) and started a war that ended in their disaster in the year 1125. 100% payment refund prior to 3 weeks before departure (. They applied improved techniques of rice cultivation. Corrections? Although it never again reached the peak of importance that it had achieved as capital of the Nan (Southern) Song, Hangzhou remained important. A centre of commerce, it was visited in the late 13th century by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who called it Kinsai, or Quinsay; it then had an estimated population of 1 million to 1.5 million. By DU JUAN | The Song court, stymied in the northwest, next wanted to expand south to annex the Viet territory. That Hangzhou had a large population b. New varieties of rice were introduced from the Vietnam area around the year 1,000. In addition to thermal electric-generating plants, the city is connected via the regional power grid to the large Xinan River hydroelectric project to the southwest and to Shanghai and Nanjing. The permanent population of Hangzhou has reached 12.204 million with a birth rate of 7.6, a death rate of 4.7, an urbanization rate of 83.6%, and an average age of 38. Innovation and personal freedom was stifled in later eras. Food, Train Stations The city stands at the eastern foot of a scenic range of hills, the Tianmu (Eye of Heaven) Mountains, and on the shore of the famous Xi (West) Lake, celebrated in poetry and paintings for its beauty and a favourite imperial retreat. The Mongol army that was sent to invade them was far bigger than the ones sent to attack the Middle East, Russia, Europe or any other region, but the Mongols had quickly conquered all the other countries and empires. Local industry flourished and worship of Taoism and Buddhism peaked. Hangzhou is ranked #13 in the city population ranking in China. The Four Books were considered most important. The Song used very high firing temperatures and learned to accurately shape their ceramics and apply such exquisitely beautiful artwork that it was the finest ceramic made in the world up to that time. The population doubled in the 10th and 11th centuries, and science and technology advanced. Hangzhou has won the hearts of more and more young people in recent years. When Emperor Taizu began reigning over empire in 960, the Liao Empire in the northeast was a military threat. If these figures are valid, it means that the regional population growth stagnated for about 1,000 years! Instead of just trying to live at peace with these powerful neighbors, they choose to invade with disastrous results. In his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, Shen Kuo described that a Song printer made thin ceramic characters himself. The Song used varieties of gunpowder in rockets including multistage rockets, guns, cannons, chemical warfare weapons, and bombs. 2023/2024, Top 10 among rivals before the remnants of the empire arose again south of the Yangtze. Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Zhejiang University (1897) is among the largest and most prestigious institutions in China; its size was expanded considerably in 1998 when it was reconstituted after amalgamating with the former Zhejiang Agricultural University (1910) and Hangzhou University (1952). As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty or the Mongol invasion of China beginning under gedei Khan (r. 1229 - 1241) and completed under Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294) was the final step for the Mongols to rule the whole of continental East Asia under the Yuan dynasty (a division of the Mongol Empire).It is considered the Mongol Empire's last great military achievement. So in a year, instead of just one crop of rice, farmers could harvest two or even three crops per year. The data provided is for urban agglomeration. Though he failed in his campaign against the Western Xia, he was very successful as a scientist. Please check your download folder. The earlier empires developed around the Yellow River in the north where it was drier and colder. The new drought resistant rice from southeast Asia could grow at higher elevations and further north than the native rice. [16] 1978 - Hangzhou Teachers College founded. Fast site work and constantly updated data. These were: The Neo-Confucian doctrines were highly influential among rulers in China and several East Asian countries. The document excerpted below,by an unknown author, describes the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou a city of between seven and eightsquare miles in 1235.Document Excerpts with QuestionsFrom Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, edited by Patricia . Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be the most difficult to verify? The Imperial Examination System: Taizu is known as one who set the policy that most of the governing officials of his empire should be Confucian Literati who passed a difficult exam called the Imperial Exam that tested mainly knowledge of the Confucian Classics and other ancient literature. Arts and theater thrived. As described in our Tang Empire (618907) article, when that stable and cosmopolitan empire collapsed in 906 AD, their territory was divided among newly established kingdoms or by invading tribes for 54 years. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. It is found that centripetal movements of population in Hangzhou dominated in the 1960s and 1970s, while centrifugal . Holidays in China in 2023, A Full List Is Here! answer choices coke saki tea paste Question 3 30 seconds Q. He set up the educational and administrative system not only for the Song Empire, but his educational and governmental policies set the precedent for the later dynasties. However, unlike their influence in developing culture, religion and philosophy, many of the Song scientific advances were lost and forgotten in the later dynasties. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." - (Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E.) Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. The proportion of residents aged between 16 and 59 years stood at 70.12 percent. "China: Population of Hangzhou from 1980 to 2035 (in Millions).